Percutaneous Continuous Radiofrequency Versus Pulsed Radiofrequency Thermorhizotomy for the Treatment of Neuralgia of the Trigeminal Nerve: A Retrospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVES: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) represents one of the most powerful manifestations of neuropathic pain. The diagnostic criteria, as well as its therapeutic modalities, stand firmly established. The percutaneous radiofrequency thermorhizotomy of the gasserian ganglion and posterior root of the trigeminal nerve stands as a widely employed procedure in this context. In this retrospective observational investigation, we undertake a comparative analysis of patients subjected to treatment employing continuous radiofrequency (C-rF) versus pulsed radiofrequency (P-rF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 128 patients afflicted with essential neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve, all under the care of the distinguished author (JCA), underwent percutaneous radiofrequency thermorhizotomy between the years 2005 and 2022. They were stratified into two cohorts: Group 1 encompassed 76 patients treated with C-rF, while Group 2 comprised 52 patients subjected to P-rF intervention. All participants met the stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria for TN, with a notable concentration in the V2 and V3 territories accounting for 60% and 45%, respectively. The post-procedural follow-up period exhibited uniformity, spanning from six months to 16 years. Preceding the intervention, all patients uniformly reported a visual analog scale (VAS) score surpassing 6/10. Additionally, everyone had been undergoing pharmacological management, involving a combination of antineuropathic agents and low-potency opioids. RESULTS: The evaluation of clinical improvement was conducted across three temporal domains: the immediate short-term (less than 30 days), the intermediate-term (less than one year), and the prolonged-term (exceeding one year). In the short term, a noteworthy alleviation of pain, surpassing the 50% threshold, was evident in most patients (94%), a similarity observed in both cohorts (98% in Group 1 and 90% in Group 2). The VAS revealed an average rating of 3/10 for Group 1 and 2/10 for Group 2. Moving to the intermediate term, more than 50% improvement in pain was registered in 89% of patients (92% in Group 1 and 86% in Group 2). The mean VAS score stood at 3.5/10, marginally higher in Group 2 at 4/10 compared to 3/10 in Group 1. In the final assessment, a 50% or greater reduction in pain was reported by 75% of patients, with no discernible disparity between the two cohorts. Among the cohort, 18 individuals necessitated a subsequent percutaneous intervention (10 in Group 1 and eight in Group 2), while microvascular decompression was performed on six patients (equitably distributed between the two groups), and radiosurgery was administered to three patients in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous radiofrequency thermorhizotomy emerges as an efficacious modality for addressing essential TN. The employment of continuous radiofrequency yields superior long-term outcomes, albeit accompanied by sensitive manifestations that may prove discomforting. Pulsed radiofrequency demonstrates commendable clinical efficacy with a diminished incidence of complications, rendering it a viable option even for other manifestations of facial pain.

Tuberculosis Severity Predictive Model Using Mtb Variants and Serum Biomarkers in a Colombian Cohort of APTB Patients.

Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that primarily affects the lungs. The severity of active pulmonary TB (APTB) is an important determinant of transmission, morbidity, mortality, disease experience, and treatment outcomes. Several publications have shown a high prevalence of disabling complications in individuals who have had severe APTB. Furthermore, certain strains of Mtb were associated with more severe disease outcomes. The use of biomarkers to predict severe APTB patients who are candidates for host-directed therapies, due to the high risk of developing post-tuberculous lung disease (PTLD), has not yet been implemented in the management of TB patients. We followed 108 individuals with APTB for 6 months using clinical tools, flow cytometry, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The median age of the study population was 26.5 years, and the frequency of women was 53.7%. In this study, we aimed to identify biomarkers that could help us to recognize individuals with APTB and improve our understanding of the immunopathology in these individuals. In this study, we conducted a follow-up on the treatment progress of 121 cases of APTB. The follow-up process commenced at the time of diagnosis (T0), continued with a control visit at 2 months (T2), and culminated in an exit appointment at 6 months following the completion of medical treatment (T6). People classified with severe APTB showed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (14.7 pg/mL; p < 0.05) compared to those with mild APTB (7.7 pg/mL) at T0. The AUCs for the ROC curves and the Matthews correlation coefficient values (MCC) demonstrate correlations ranging from moderate to very strong. We conducted WGS on 88 clinical isolates of Mtb, and our analysis revealed a total of 325 genes with insertions and deletions (Indels) within their coding regions when compared to the Mtb H37Rv reference genome. The pattern of association was found between serum levels of CHIT1 and the presence of Indels in Mtb isolates from patients with severe APTB. A key finding in our study was the high levels of CHIT1 in severe APTB patients. We identified a biomarker profile (IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-33, and CHIT1) that allows us to identify individuals with severe APTB, as well as the identification of a panel of polymorphisms (125) in clinical isolates of Mtb from individuals with severe APTB. Integrating these findings into a predictive model of severity would show promise for the management of APTB patients in the future, to guide host-directed therapy and reduce the prevalence of PTLD.

The Anterior Pelvic Index (API) in the Classification of the Female Pelvis and Prediction of Fetopelvic Disproportion / El Índice Pelviano Anterior (API) en la Clasificación de la Pelvis Femenina y Predicción de la Desproporción Fetopélvica

SUMMARY: Measurements of the upper strait of the pelvis can be calculated using the Anterior Pelvic Index. The objective of the study was to determine the external validity and cut-off point of the API, to classify narrow pelvises from normal ones. We selected 214 women from 15 to 55 years old, 171 had vaginal delivery and 43 by caesarean section by feto-pelvic disproportion (FPD) of maternal origin, in whom the API was calculated, of which its mean difference was established with an alpha error of <0.05. Maximum values of sensitivity and specificity, ROC curve and Youden index were determined. The student's t gave a p-value =0.000 of the mean difference between the women who had vaginal delivery and those who had cesarean section by FPD of maternal origin; the value of the area under the ROC curve was 0.758 (CI 95% 0.695 - 0.814) with a p-value=0.0001. Maximum sensitivity was 74.42 % (CI 95%: 58.8 % to 86.5 %) and maximum specificity was 73.10 % (CI 95%: 65.8 % to 79.6 %), produced a Youden index of 0.475 (CI 95% 0.283 - 0.590) which is associated with the 15.44 (CI 95% 14.19 - 15.83) of the API scale. The API is a good tool for predicting women with suspected narrow pelvis and allows its classification into three types of pelvises: an API value of more than 15.83 would indicate pelvis suitable for vaginal delivery; an API value between 14.19 and 15.83 would be suspected of pelvic narrowness; an API value less than 14.19 would confirm a narrow pelvis.

Las medidas del estrecho superior de la pelvis pueden calcularse mediante el Índice Pelviano Anterior. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la validez externa y el punto de corte del API, para clasificar pelvis estrechas de las normales. Seleccionamos 214 mujeres de 15 a 55 años, 171 tuvieron parto vaginal y 43 mediante cesárea por DFP de origen materno, en quienes se calculó el API, del cual se estableció su diferencia de medias con un error alfa de <0,05. Se determinaron valores máximos de sensibilidad y especificidad, curva ROC e índice de Youden. La t de Student dio un p-valor=0,000 de la diferencia de medias entre las mujeres de tuvieron parto vaginal y las que fueron sometidas a cesárea por DFP de origen materno; el valor del área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,758 (IC 95% 0,695 - 0,814) con un p- valor=0,0001. La máxima sensibilidad (74,42 %. IC 95%: 58,8 % a 86,5 %) y máxima especificidad (73,10 %. IC 95%: 65,8 % a 79,6 %), produjeron un índice de Youden de 0,475 (IC 95% 0,283 - 0,590) el cual está asociado al valor 15,44 (IC 95% 14,19 - 15,83) de la escala del API. El API es una buena herramienta de predicción de mujeres con sospecha de pelvis estrecha y permite su clasificación en tres tipos de pelvis: un valor de API de mas de 15,83 indicaría pelvis aptas para un parto vaginal; un valor de API entre 14,19 y 15,83 se sospecharía de estrechez pélvica; un valor de API menor a 14,19 confirmaría una pelvis estrecha.

Large genomic deletions delineate Mycobacterium tuberculosis L4 sublineages in South American countries.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is still one of the primary pathogens of humans causing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Mtb embraces nine well-defined phylogenetic lineages with biological and geographical disparities. The lineage L4 is the most globally widespread of all lineages and was introduced to America with European colonization. Taking advantage of many genome projects available in public repositories, we undertake an evolutionary and comparative genomic analysis of 522 L4 Latin American Mtb genomes. Initially, we performed careful quality control of public read datasets and applied several thresholds to filter out low-quality data. Using a genome de novo assembly strategy and phylogenomic methods, we spotted novel south American clades that have not been revealed yet. Additionally, we describe genomic deletion profiles of these strains from an evolutionary perspective and report Mycobacterium tuberculosis L4 sublineages signature-like gene deletions, some of the novel. One is a specific deletion of 6.5 kbp that is only present in sublineage 4.1.2.1. This deletion affects a complex group of 10 genes with putative products annotated, among others, as a lipoprotein, transmembrane protein, and toxin/antitoxin system proteins. The second novel deletion spans for 4.9 kbp and specific of a particular clade of the 4.8 sublineage and affects 7 genes. The last novel deletion affects 4 genes, extends for 4.8 kbp., and is specific to some strains within the 4.1.2.1 sublineage that are present in Colombia, Peru and Brasil.

¿Cómo ha afectado el COVID-19 a traumatólogos y residentes de traumatología en Chile? / How has covid-19 affected orthopedic surgeons and residents in chile?

INTRODUCCIÓN Desde marzo del 2020, Chile se ha visto afectado por la pandemia por coronavirus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, en inglés), que ha provocado alteraciones en todo el mundo, causando un gran impacto en los servicios de salud y el personal sanitario. OBJETIVO Describir características demográficas y laborales relacionadas al contagio de COVID-19 en traumatólogos y residentes de traumatología en Chile. MÉTODOS Realizamos una encuesta on-line, solicitando información demográfica, datos laborales, exposición y contagio de COVID-19, sintomatología y medidas de protección. RESULTADOS En total, 567 médicos contestaron. De ellos, 37 (6,4%) tuvieron COVID-19, sin diferencia significativa respecto a género. Se observó mayor contagio entre residentes, 9 de 73 (12,3%), que entre traumatólogos, 28 de 494 (5,7%), así como mayor contagio entre quienes trabajaron más de 60 horas (p <0,05). De los contagiados, 31 (83,8%) eran de la Región Metropolitana (RM), cuyo contagio es significativamente mayor que en el resto de las regiones (p < 0,05). Sólo 8 (21,6%) de los contagiados presentaban antecedentes médicos. Requirieron hospitalización 3 (5,4%), 1 de los cuales en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), y el resto fue manejado en forma domiciliaria. El sitio de contagio más frecuente fue el trabajo, siendo las áreas comunes las más sospechadas, seguidas de la atención ambulatoria y las áreas de hospitalización traumatológica. Un 40.5% (15) reportó haber contagiado a alguien más. Hubo además un impacto en los ingresos de los traumatólogos: un 14,8% (84) refirió una disminución menor al 20%, y un 45%, disminución mayor al 50%. Esta fue mayor en los traumatólogos que en los residentes, y en aquellos de la RM que en otras regiones (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN Aunque la actividad traumatológica se ha visto disminuida por la pandemia, los traumatólogos se han visto expuestos al riesgo de contagio por COVID-19. El trabajo parece ser el lugar de mayor riesgo, sobre todo las áreas comunes.

BACKGROUND Since March 2020, Chile has been affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused disruptions throughout the world, greatly impacting health services and healthcare workers. OBJETIVE To describe the demographic characteristics related to the COVID-19 pandemic in orthopedic surgeons and orthopedic surgery residents in Chile. METHODS We conducted an on-line survey requesting data on demographics, work, exposure to and infection by COVID-19, symptoms, and protection practices. RESULTS A total of 567 surgeons answered the survey; 37 (6.4%) had had COVID-19, without gender differences. There was a higher rate of infection among residents, 9 from 73 (12.3%), than among surgeons, 28 from 494 (5.7%), as well as higher rates of infection among those working more than 60 hours (p < 0.05). Among those infected, 31 (83.8%) were from the Metropolitan Region (MR), where the rate of infection was significantly higher compared with other regions (p < 0.05). Only 8 (21.6%) of those infected had medical history. Hospitalization was required by 3 (5.4%), 1 of them in the Intensive care Unit (ICU), and the remaining were handled at home. The most frequent location of infection was the workplace, with the common areas being the main suspected sites, followed by outpatient clinics and orthopedic surgery wards. In total, 40.5% (15) of the sample reported having infected other individuals. There was also an impact in the surgeon's income: 14.8% (84) reported a decrease lower than 20%, and 45% (256), a decrease higher than 50%. This decrease was higher among surgeons than among residents, and higher among those from the MR compared to other regions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Even though orthopedic surgery practice has been reduced by the pandemic, orthopedic surgeons have been exposed to the risk of infection by COVID-19. The workplace seems to be the site that poses the greatest risk, especially the common areas.

Neurofibromatosis segmentaria, a propósito de un caso / Segmental neurofibromatosis, case report

Resumen Introducción: la neurofibromatosis es un desorden genético, que afecta el crecimiento de tejidos neurales, con una incidencia de 1 en 4 000 personas, con impacto en la esperanza de vida por su asociación con neoplasias y enfermedad vascular. La neurofibromatosis segmentaria es una variante de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1, con una incidencia aproximada de 1 en 20 000 a 25,000 personas, se caracteriza por lesiones cutáneas que afectan un segmento corporal sin cruzar la línea media. Generalmente no tienen historia familiar ni compromiso sistémico. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo femenino de 63 años con dermatosis que afecta el tronco posterior de manera unilateral a nivel de los dermatomas T10-T11, caracterizada por múltiples neoformaciones exofíticas milimétricas en forma de domo, de consistencia blanda y depresibles a la palpación. El estudio histopatológico de una de ellas confirmó el diagnóstico de neurofibroma. La paciente no presentaba afectación neurológica ni ocular, además, sin afección en familiares, por lo que se establece diagnóstico de neurofibromatosis segmentaria. Conclusiones: la neurofibromatosis segmentaria es una patología poco frecuente, Aunque posiblemente sea subdiagnosticada por su carácter asintomático, lo que ocasiona una aparente baja incidencia. Los pacientes que la padecen pueden presentar penetrancia sistémica variable y un riesgo similar de neoplasias al descrito en pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Pese al carácter benigno reportado en la literatura sugerimos un abordaje multidisciplinario de los pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects the growth of neural tissues, with an incidence of 1 in 4 000, with impact on life expectancy due its association with neoplasms and vascular disease. segmental neurofibromatosis is a subtype of neurofibromatosis type 1, with an approximate incidence of 1 in 20 000 to 25 000 people, it is characterized by skin lesions that affects a body segment without crossing midline, they generally have no family history or systemic involvement. Clinical case: a 63-year-old female patient with dermatosis affecting the posterior trunk unilaterally at the level of dermatomes t10-t11, characterized by multiple exophytic, dome-shaped, millimeter sized neoformations, soft in consistency and depressible on palpation. the histopatologic study of one of them confirmed the diagnosis of neurofibroma. the patient did not present neurological or ocular involvement, without affection in relatives. diagnosis of segmental neurofibromatosis was made. Conclusions: segmental neurofibromatosis is a rare pathology, although it is possibly underdiagnosed due its asymptomatic nature, which causes an apparent low incidence. patients may present variable systemic penetrance and a similar risk of neoplasm compared to patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. despite the benign nature reported in the literature, we suggest a multidisciplinary approach to patients.

Heterogeneity of Genetic Admixture Determines SLE Susceptibility in Mexican.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder for which Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are well identified as risk factors. SLE patients present different clinical phenotypes, which are partly explained by admixture patterns variation among Mexicans. Population genetic has insight into the high genetic variability of Mexicans, mainly described through HLA gene studies with anthropological and biomedical importance. A prospective, case-control study was performed. In this study, we recruited 146 SLE patients, and 234 healthy individuals were included as a control group; both groups were admixed Mexicans from Mexico City. The HLA typing methods were based on Next Generation Sequencing and Sequence-Based Typing (SBT). The data analysis was performed with population genetic programs and statistical packages. The admixture estimations based on HLA-B and -DRB1 revealed that SLE patients have a higher Southwestern European ancestry proportion (48 ± 8%) than healthy individuals (30 ± 7%). In contrast, Mexican Native American components are diminished in SLE patients (44 ± 1%) and augmented in Healthy individuals (63 ± 4%). HLA alleles and haplotypes' frequency analysis found variants previously described in SLE patients from Mexico City. Moreover, a conserved extended haplotype that confers risk to develop SLE was found, the HLA-A∗29:02∼C∗16:01∼B∗44:03∼DRB1∗07:01∼DQB1∗02:02, pC = 0.02, OR = 1.41. Consistent with the admixture estimations, the origin of all risk alleles and haplotypes found in this study are European, while the protection alleles are Mexican Native American. The analysis of genetic distances supported that the SLE patient group is closer to the Southwestern European parental populace and farthest from Mexican Native Americans than healthy individuals. Heterogeneity of genetic admixture determines SLE susceptibility and protection in Mexicans. HLA sequencing is helpful to determine susceptibility alleles and haplotypes restricted to some populations.

Foliar mycoendophytome of an endemic plant of the Mediterranean biome (Myrtus communis) reveals the dominance of basidiomycete woody saprotrophs.

The true myrtle, Myrtus communis, is a small perennial evergreen tree that occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia with a circum-Mediterranean geographic distribution. Unfortunately, the Mediterranean Forests, where M. communis occurs, are critically endangered and are currently restricted to small fragmented areas in protected conservation units. In the present work, we performed, for the first time, a metabarcoding study on the spatial variation of fungal community structure in the foliar endophytome of this endemic plant of the Mediterranean biome, using bipartite network analysis as a model. The local bipartite network of Myrtus communis individuals and their foliar endophytic fungi is very low connected, with low nestedness, and moderately high specialization and modularity. Similar network patterns were also retrieved in both culture-dependent and amplicon metagenomics of foliar endophytes in distinct arboreal hosts in varied biomes. Furthermore, the majority of putative fungal endophytes species were basidiomycete woody saprotrophs of the orders Polyporales, Agaricales, and Hymenochaetales. Altogether, these findings suggest a possible adaptation of these wood-decaying fungi to cope with moisture limitation and spatial scarcity of their primary substrate (dead wood), which are totally consistent with the predictions of the viaphytism hypothesis that wood-decomposing fungi inhabit the internal leaf tissue of forest trees in order to enhance dispersal to substrates on the forest floor, by using leaves as vectors and as refugia, during periods of environmental stress.

Características morfocuantitativas de la glándula submandibular de ratón (Mus musculus) / Morphocuantitative characteristics of the mouse (Mus musculus) submandibular gland

El ratón (Mus musculus) es un buen modelo animal de experimentación, donde sus glándulas salivales han sido utilizadas en estudios, especialmente de tipo preclínico. Sin embargo, las diferencias en la morfología de estas glándulas y, en particular de las submandibulares, entre humanos y roedores no son de conocimiento común. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características morfocuantitativos de la glándula submandibular del ratón macho C57BL/6. Se utilizaron cinco ratones macho, cepa C57BL/ 6, de 11 a 13 semanas de nacidos, con un peso promedio de 30 g. Luego de su ambientación, los ratones fueron eutanasiados. Para el análisis histológico, las glándulas fueron extraídas y fijadas en formalina tamponada por 48 horas, procesada para su inclusión en paraplast y teñidas con hematoxilina y eosina, azul alcián pH 2,5, ácido peryódico de Schiff y Picrosirius Red. Se determinaron las características estereológicas de densidad de longitud (LVcond), de volumen (VVcond) y de superficie (SVcond) de los conductos. En las células acinares se evaluó la densidad de número (NVcel) y la densidad de volumen (VVcel). Para cada variable se obtuvo la media ± desviación estándar. La glándula submandibular se encontraba organizada de manera lobulada, cuyo parénquima era de tipo túbuloacinar mixto con predominio seroso, que se conectaba a través de conductos. Las células acinares presentaban reacción positiva para azul alcián y ácido peryódico de Schiff. El estroma de la glándula contenía principalmente colágeno tipo 1. Los resultados de las mediciones estereológicas fueron: LVcond = 220,02 ± 50,51 mm/mm3; VVcond = 50,48 ± 9,55 %; SVcond = 26,39 ± 5,45 mm2/mm3; NVcel = 16,85 x 104 ± 9,13 × 104/mm3; VVcel = 24,98 ± 6,22 %. Con los análisis presentados es posible realizar investigaciones experimentales, considerando las similitudes y diferencias morfocuantitativas que presenta la glándula submandibular de ratón macho, cepa C57BL/6 con la del humano.

The mouse (Mus musculus) is a good experimental animal model, where murine salivary glands have been widely used in research by their similarities with human glands. Stereology is a tool that has to demonstrated to be valuable in biomedical researc h. Therefore, the objective was to realize an analogy between morphology, function and morpho-quantitative characteristics of the C57BL/6 mouse submandibular gland. Five male mice, C57BL/6, from 11 to 13 weeks old were used, with an average weight of 30 g. After seven days, the mice were euthanized and the samples were extracted. Then, these were processed following the conventional histological processing protocol and stained with H&E, Picrosirius Red, AA and PAS. Finally, the histological and stereological analysis of the samples was performed. In the glandular ducts the length density (LVcond), volume density (VVcond) and surface density (SVcond) were determined; whereas, in the acinar cells the density of number (NVcel) and the density of volume (VVcel) were evaluated. For each stereological variable the mean ± standard deviation was obtained. The histological study revealed no discrepancies as previously described. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed the following: LVcond = 220.02 ± 50.51 mm/mm3; VVcond = 50.48 ± 9.55 %; SVcond = 26.39 ± 5.45 mm2/mm3; NVcel = 168467.38 ± 91288.67 /mm3 and VVcel = 24.98 ± 6.22 %. From this study, it will be possible to conduct comparative experimental research analyzing quantitative results from those presented in this research. From this study, it will be possible to carry out comparative experimental research, analyzing quantitative results from those presented in this investigation.

The role of socioeconomic status in the susceptibility to develop systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexican patients.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder for which Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are well-identified as risk factors. SLE patients have different phenotypes or clinical presentations, which vary among Mexicans. This variation could be explained by ethnicity and admixture. Since socioeconomic status probably limits and change the patterns of migration, this factor could favor inbreeding and homogamy in some geographic areas. Consequently, it could alter or restrict the possibilities of admixture too. Therefore, the socioeconomic status may also have implications in the susceptibility and the clinical heterogeneity of SLE in Mexican patients. METHODS: One hundred twenty-three SLE patients and 234 healthy individuals with Mexican admixed ancestry were recruited. HLA alleles were analyzed using the HLA typing method based on Sequence-based typing (SBT). RESULTS: As expected, it was found an increased frequency of the HLA-DRB1*03:01 allele in all socioeconomic groups when compared with healthy individuals. The susceptibility allele found in the low-income SLE patients was HLA-DRB1*04:05 whereas, the susceptibility alleles for the high-income SLE patients were HLA-DRB1*07:01 (pC = 0.03, OR = 2.0) and HLA-DRB1*11:04 (pC = 0.0004, OR = 5.1). Additionally, the frequencies of two protective alleles HLA-DRB1*14:06 (pC = 0.01, OR = 0.28) and HLA-DRB1*16:02 (pC = 0.04, OR = 0.22) were found diminished. These findings correlate with the admixture differences between low-income and high-income SLE patients. The clinical manifestations showed a different distribution between both groups. Arthritis and neurological disorder were prevalent in low-income SLE patients, while the hematological disorder was prevalent in high-income SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HLA class II DRB1 genes contribute to the susceptibility and protection to develop SLE differently depending on socioeconomic status. Due to this, the clinical manifestations vary among patients and it could be related to different admixture charge.Key Point• HLA class II DRB1 genes contribute to the susceptibility and protection to develop SLE differently depending on socioeconomic status.

Ponseti Method After Walking Age - A Multi-Centric Study of 429 Feet: Results, Possible Treatment Modifications and Outcomes According to Age Groups.

Objective: Ponseti method is suitable to treat neglected clubfoot after the walking age. However, limited evidence exists on its effectiveness, outcomes and rate of relapse. Methods: 429 clubfeet in 303 patients with no previous treatment and older than one-year were treated with the Ponseti method in 15 centers from seven countries. The median age at treatment onset was three years, and the median follow-up of 1.3 years. Standard Ponseti Method was applied. Bilateral abduction brace was recommended after casting. Patients were classified according to group ages (<2 years, 2-4 years, >4-8years, >8 years). Feet were evaluated by Pirani score and a clinical outcome classification. Relapses were described in a subset of 103 clubfeet with minimal follow-up of two years. Results: Ponseti method was able to correct the deformity in 87% (373 of 429) of neglected clubfeet, after a mean of 6.8 casts. Residual equinus was treated with percutaneous sectioning of the Achilles tendon in 356 (83%) of 429 clubfeet. A bilateral foot abduction brace was prescribed and used in 70% of children. Relapses occurred in 31% (32 of 103) of clubfeet and were associated with age less than 4 years at treatment onset, and bracing noncompliance. Conclusion: The Ponseti method is effective to correct neglected clubfeet. Relapses occurred in one-third of clubfeet, mainly in children younger than four years and in noncompliance with the brace. Our study reinforces the recommendation for the Ponseti method with no major modification to treat neglected clubfoot in patients after walking age.Level of Evidence: IV.

Hiposialia y Xerostomía Post Irradiación: Terapias Innovadoras en el Campo Biomolecular / Hyposialia and Xerostomy Post Irradiation: Innovative Therapies in the Biomolecular Field

Las glándulas salivales humanas pueden ser gravemente lesionadas por la radioterapia utilizada contra neoplasias de cabeza y cuello, produciendo hiposialia y xerostomía, las cuales afectan la salud oral y sistémica, mermando la calidad de vida de la persona. Los tratamientos convencionales actuales están diseñados para disminuir los síntomas, sin actuar sobre los cambios fisiopatológicos que se dan a nivel glandular. Esta revisión intenta analizar aquellas terapias preventivas y/o curativas que están desarrollándose en el campo biomolecular y que tienen un futuro prometedor por sus características innovadoras: terapia génica, terapia con células madre y terapia con factores de crecimiento. Se evidencia un aporte adicional de la nanotecnología, la cual está mejorando las vías de aplicación de los tratamientos.

Human salivary glands can be seriously injured by the radiotherapy used against head and neck neoplasms, producing hyposialia and xerostomy, which affect oral and systemic health, diminishing the person's quality of life. Current conventional treatments are designed to reduce symptoms, without acting on the pathophysiological changes that occur at the glandular level. This review attempts to analyze those preventive and /or curative therapies that are developing in the biomolecular field and that have a promising future due to their innovative features: Gene therapy, stem cell therapy and growth factor therapy. An additional contribution of nanotechnology is evident, which is improving the routes of treatment application.

Prevalencia y factores asociados a conducta suicida en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima-Perú / Prevalence and associated factors of suicidal behavior in students of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima-Peru

Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha señalado el incremento de riesgo suicida en personas de 15 a 44 años, grupo etario en el que se ubican los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo. Determinar prevalencias de conducta suicida y variables asociadas en estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima-Perú. Métodos. Estudio analítico, transversal. La población objetivo fue de 24 118 estudiantes matriculados en 2015. Se aplicaron los instrumentos de conducta suicida de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental en el Perú 2002 y 2012, las escalas de ansiedad y depresión de Zung y el cuestionario CAGE para problemas de alcohol, a una muestra de 1819 estudiantes obtenida mediante muestreo bietápico. Se estimaron prevalencias y se empleó regresión logística para determinar factores asociados. Resultados. Las prevalencias de vida, último año, últimos seis meses y último mes de los componentes de la conducta suicida fueron: deseos de morir (35%; 13,9%; 11% y 5,6%); ideación suicida (22,4%; 8,2%; 6% y 3,3%); plan suicida (17,7%; 4,4%; 3,5% y 1,6%); e intento suicida (11,1%; 3,7%; 2,8% y 1,4%). Los factores de riesgo en términos de odds ratio (OR) ajustados y sus IC 95% fueron: condición de mujer 1,48 (IC 95%: 1,03-2,12), depresión 2,46 (IC 95%: 1,49-4,06), angustia 2,5 (IC 95%: 1,38-4,6), y vivir en hogar no nuclear 2,51 (IC 95%: 1,70-3,72). De los estudiantes que intentaron suicidarse sólo 16% buscó ayuda profesional y 21% pensó repetir el intento. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes de la UNMSM tienen mayor riesgo de conducta suicida que los de la población en general, tanto por razones científicas como por responsabilidad moral se recomienda implementar estrategias de intervención para revertir esta tendencia y proteger a este valioso recurso humano.

Introduction. World Health Organization has pointed out the increasing suicidal risk in the 115 - 44 years of age. University students are inmerse in that age group risk. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of suicidal behavior and associated variables in undergraduate students of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Methodos. Transversal and analytic study. Target population: 24 118 students registered in 2015. The Suicide Behavior Questionnaire of the 2002, 2012 Mental Health National Survey, the Zung self-rated anxiety and depression scales, and the CAGE questionnaire for potential alcohol-related problems were applied to a sample of 1819 students obtained by a bietapic with probabililty proportional to size sampling procedure. Results. Life, last year, last 6 months, and last month prevalences of suicide behavior`s components of were, in that order: (i) death wish (35%; 13,9%; 11%; 5,6%); (ii) suicidal ideation (22,4%; 8,2%; 6%;3,3%); (iii) suicidal planning (17,7%; 4,4%; 3,5%; 1,6%); and (iv) suicidal attempt (11,1%; 3,7%; 2,8%; 1,4%), and higher than the prevalences of metropolitan Lima general population. Risk factors, in terms of OR and 95% CI were: being female 1,48 (1,03-2,12), depression 2,46 (1,49-4,06), anxiety 2,5 (1,38-4,6), and living in a non nuclear home 2,51 (1,70-3,72). Only 16% of the students who attempted suicide sought professional help and 21% considered repeating the attempt. Conclusions. UNMSM undergraduate students show a riskier suicide behavior tan the general population. Both for scientific reasons and moral responsibility it is highly recommended to implement intervention strategies in order to revert this trend and protect this valuable human resource.

Análisis semántico y gramatical de los términos latinos de los ramos terminales del nervio nasociliar / Semantic and grammatical analysis of latin terms of the terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve

RESUMEN: La necesidad de unificar criterios respecto a los nombres de las estructuras anatómicas ha sido una permanente preocupación de los anatomistas del mundo, de tal manera que a partir de 1895 se inicia un proceso de estandarización y normalización de la terminología anatómica mundial. Se publica la Nomina Anatomica tratando de nominar las estructuras con un solo nombre en latín y se suprime los epónimos y homónimos. En la actualidad la Terminologia Anatomica sustituye a la Nomina Anatomica, con las mismas características, pero con la adición del término en el idioma de cada país. Sin embargo, persisten algunos errores desde la elaboración de la Nomina Anatomica y que se mantienen en Terminologia Anatomica, derivados tanto de la estructura gramatical latina, principalmente en el número y género, así como de la descripción de algunas estructuras anatómicas. Este es el caso de los ramos del nervio nasociliar, específicamente del ramo etmoidal anterior y del ramo infratroclear. Para el efecto se realizó una revisión de la descripción del nervio nasociliar y sus ramos terminales, se compararon entre sí y con los nombres que aparecen en la Terminologia Anatomica, para verificar que tanto la descripción como la construcción gramatical latina sean correctas. Se encontraron errores en la estructuración gramatical y jerárquica del ramo nasal interno, así como la supresión de los ramos palpebrales superior e inferior del nervio infratroclear, por lo que proponemos el cambio del término codificado con A14.2.01.031 a Ramus nasalis internus y la adición de los nombres Ramus palpebralis superior y Ramus palpebralis inferior.

SUMMARY: The need to unify criteria regarding the names of anatomical structures has been a permanent concern of anatomists worldwide. Therefore, and beginning in 1895 a standardization and normalization process of world anatomical terminology was initiated. The Nomina Anatomica is published in an attempt to name the structures with a single name in Latin and the eponyms and homonyms are deleted. Today the Terminologia Anatomica replaces the Nomina Anatomica, with the same characteristics, but with the addition of the term in the language of each country. Nevertheless, some errors persist from the Nomina Anatomica that remain in Terminologia Anatomica, derived from both the Latin grammatical structure, mainly in the number and gender, as well as the description of some anatomical structures. This is the case of the nasociliary nerve branches, specifically the anterior ethmoidal branch and the infratroclear branch. For this purpose, a review of the description of the nasociliary nerve and its terminal branches was made, they were compared between each other, and with the names that appear in the Terminologia Anatomica, to verify that both the description and the Latin grammatical construction are correct. Errors were found in the grammatical and hierarchical structure of the internal nasal branch, as well as the suppression of the upper and lower palpebral branches of the infratrochlear nerve. Therefore, we propose the change of the coded term with A14.2.01.031 to "Ramus nasalis internus" and the addition of the names "Ramus palpebralis superior" and "Ramus palpebralis inferior".

Conducta y personalidad disociales en estudiantes de medicina: implicancias para la educación médica peruana / Dyssocial behavior and personality in medical students: implications for Peruvian medical education

Investigaciones previas sobre conducta suicida realizadas en estudiantes de medicina hallaron, como variable asociada, una alta prevalencia de vida (PV) de indicadores de conducta disocial. Tal resultado obliga a sospechar presencia de personalidad de este tipo en dicha población. Con el objetivo de aportar nuevos elementos que complementen los estudios previos, el presente artículo analiza el concepto de personalidad disocial y discute los resultados de un estudio piloto que evaluó su presencia en una muestra de alumnos recién ingresados a la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se encontró que de 175 estudiantes, 33 resultaron positivos a indicadores de conducta disocial (19% de PV) durante una primera evaluación; de este grupo, 30 se presentaron a una segunda evaluación diagnóstica, de los cuales cinco superaron el punto de corte para personalidad disocial, y 11 obtuvieron puntaje de sospecha de tal desarrollo. Sobre estos resultados sugerimos que la universidad debiera aceptar la responsabilidad de continuar investigando esta área, crear intervenciones preventivo-terapéuticas tempranas e innovaciones curriculares para reducir el riesgo de producir profesionales tecnicamente bien entrenados pero con minusvalías morales.

Previous studies on medical students´suicidal behavior found, as an associated variable, a high life-prevalence (LP) of dissocial behavior indicators. Such findings compel to suspect the presence of dissocial personality in that population. On the purpose to add knowledge to this problem, the present paper analyses the concept of dissocial personality and discusses the results of a pilot-study that evaluated its presence in recently admitted students to San Marcos University´s School of Medicine. In the first evaluation, it was found that 33 out of 175 students resulted positive to dissocial behavior indicators (LP: 19%). From this group, 30 showed up for a second diagnostic evaluation; 5 exceeded the cut-off point to dissocial personality and 11 showed scores very close to it, raising suspiciousness of such development. Upon these results we claim the university must accept the responsibility to continue researching this area, create early preventive-therapeutic interventions and curricula innovations to reduce the risk of generating well trained professionals but morally handicapped.

An improved method for Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of tomato suitable for the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

BACKGROUND: Solanum lycopersicum, an economically important crop grown worldwide, has been used as a model for the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in non-legume plants for several years and several cDNA array hybridization studies have revealed specific transcriptomic profiles of mycorrhizal tomato roots. However, a method to easily screen candidate genes which could play an important role during tomato mycorrhization is required. RESULTS: We have developed an optimized procedure for composite tomato plant obtaining achieved through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. This protocol involves the unusual in vitro culture of composite plants between two filter papers placed on the culture media. In addition, we show that DsRed is an appropriate molecular marker for the precise selection of cotransformed tomato hairy roots. S. lycopersicum composite plant hairy roots appear to be colonized by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in a manner similar to that of normal roots, and a modified construct useful for localizing the expression of promoters putatively associated with mycorrhization was developed and tested. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we present an easy, fast and low-cost procedure to study AM symbiosis in tomato roots.

C-reactive protein (CRP) polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with SLE susceptibility and activity but not with serum CRP levels in Mexican population.

To evaluate the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) polymorphisms with risk of development SLE in a group of Mexican individuals. Five CRP polymorphisms (rs3093059, rs3093062, rs1800947, rs1130864, and rs1205) were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and SNP rs3093061 by refractory mutation system PCR assay in 126 SLE patients and 131 controls. Four of the polymorphisms showed differences between patients and controls. rs3093061 polymorphism was associated with a lower risk of developing lupus principally in the codominant 2 (OR = 0.219, 95% CI 0.108-0.785, P = 0.015) model. rs1130864 was associated with decreased risk mainly under codominant 1 (OR = 0.288, 95% CI 0.143-0.581, P = 0.001) model. rs1205 was associated under the over-dominant model (OR = 0.504, 95% CI 0.270-0.942, P = 0.032). The rs3091244 polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of SLE mostly under additive (OR = 0.605, 95% CI 0.393-0.931. P = 0.022) model. Our study establishes that rs3093061, rs1130864, rs1205, and rs3091244 polymorphisms are associated with decreased risk of developing SLE.

Comparación entre las técnicas de Ricketts y Mcnamara para la determinación de la posición del maxilar y la mandíbula en jóvenes del Ecuador / Comparison between Ricketts and Mcnamara techniques for the determination of the maxilla and mandible position in Ecuadorian youths

RESUMEN: Los análisis cefalométricos, a partir de una radiografía lateral de cráneo, son amplios y variados considerando tanto los patrones funcionales como los de estética facial. Entre las técnicas de medición en cefalometría, Ricketts y de McNamara son ampliamente utilizados; ambas le entregan importancia a determinar la posición del maxilar y de la mandíbula con diferentes relaciones esqueletales. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar ambas técnicas en una población joven de Ecuador; se realizó un análisis de concordancia utilizando el índice kappa de Cohen entre los resultados de las mediciones correspondientes a 44 radiografías cefálicas laterales de sujetos jóvenes entre 18 y 27 años de edad, de ambos sexos. En relación a la posición maxilar, el 56,82 % (IC 95 %: 42,18 % - 71,45 %) coinciden en el diagnóstico de protrusión maxilar; el índice de concordancia kappa de Cohen fue de 0,599 (IC 95 %: 0,354 - 0,854) con un valor p<0,05. En relación a la posición mandibular, el 50,0 % (IC 95 %: 35,23 % - 64,77 %) coinciden en el diagnóstico de retrusión mandibular; el índice kappa de Cohen fue de 0,460 (IC 95 % 0,229 - 0,691) con un valor p<0,05. Se concluye que, a pesar de manejar puntos de referencia cefalométricos diferentes, las dos técnicas de medición cráneo-facial son útiles para el estudio de posición de maxila y mandíbula. Existen diferencias entre algunos analisis de ambos estudios que pueden incidir en la selección terapéutica de potenciales pacientes.

SUMMARY: The cephalometric analyses from a lateral cranial radiograph, are wide and varied considering both functional and facial aesthetic patterns. Among the measurement techniques in cephalometry, Ricketts and McNamara are widely used; they both give importance to determine the position of the maxilla and mandible with different skeletal relationships. The objective of this research is to compare both techniques in a young population of Ecuador. A concordance analysis was performed using Cohen's kappa index between the results of the measurements corresponding to 44 lateral cephalic radiographs of young subjects between 18 and 27 years of age, of both sexes. In relation to the maxillary position, 56.82 % (95 % CI: 42.18 % - 71.45 %) coincide in the diagnosis of maxillary protrusion. Cohen's kappa concordance index was 0.599 (95 % CI: 0.354-0.854) with a p-value < 0.05. In relation to the mandibular position, 50.0 % (95% CI: 35.23 % 64.77 %) coincide in the diagnosis of mandibular retrusion. Cohen's kappa index was 0.460 (95 % CI 0.229 - 0.691) with a p-value < 0.05. It is concluded that, despite handling different cephalometric reference points, the two craniofacial measurement techniques are useful for the study of maxilla and mandible position. There are differences between some analyses of both studies that may affect the therapeutic selection of potential patients.